Denmark s A Prison Sovereignty, Surveillance And...

Presley Balholm English 155 Response Paper #1 â€Å"Denmark’s a prison†: Sovereignty, Surveillance and Oppression in Hamlet In Act II, Scene II, Hamlet characterizes his oppression by the state by comparing it to one of the clearest manifestations of the government’s control over the subject’s body: a prison, â€Å"A goodly one, in which there are many confines, wards and dungeons, Denmark being one o’ th’ worst† (Act II, Scene II). This statement succinctly describes the claustrophobic atmosphere that pervades Elsinore. Indeed, Elsinore’s restrictions and constant surveillance infringes upon the individual rights of many of the characters, including Hamlet. In the play, the sovereign state, represented by Claudius, places limitations upon the individual subject’s right to exercise their agency by regulating their bodies and actions. Hamlet’s rebellion against his uncle’s oppressive regime positions him as a figure who, by consciously and deliberately rejecting the political demands made by the sovereign state, is able to achieve a greater deg ree of political subjectivity and personal freedom. By creating a play that is fixated upon who, or what, holds agency over one’s body and actions, Shakespeare raises questions concerning the role of agency in an individual’s internal (personal) and external (political) lives. The issue of actively taking action against political, and personal, injustice versus trusting in God’s will remains unanswered. The question of whoShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescentral to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well a s provides insightful examplesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesincluded in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority

Women s Rights Of Women - 1590 Words

Introduction Through out American history, until the 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their lives today. Women before the 1920s Before 1920, women were treated extremely unfairly. Single women were not allowed to own their own property, or sign their own contracts. Single women even had a hard time getting their own credit. Without a husband, women were overlooked. The social norm was for women to stay home and take care of the house or kids, while the men would earn all of the money (Pearl 2014). If women did have jobs, they were only paid 54%-60% of what a man got paid. Even if she was qualified, not many men would trust a women to do their job correctly. Girls were also expected to wear long, loose dresses, with high collars and big hats. Politically; women were not allowed to vote, or hold positions on the jury (Pearl 2014). A girls parents would also expect her to marry fairly early with the man they chose for her. But, men, by law, did not have to treat women properly.Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as pub lic assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. 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The revered philosopherRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1159 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s Rights is an extremely ethical topic that is surrounded by ethical theories and has a lot of history. While some of the theoretical systems in ethics have helped to gain women their rights, others have assisted in preventing women rights. Women in America have seen much improvement in our modern day society regarding Women’s Rights, but what about the women in less economically stable countries? Women continue to fight against abuse, hatred, and discrimination worldwide. I will be discussing

Literature Review on Smart City Initiative

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Review on Smart City Initiative. Answer: Introduction There is the feeling to the idea that living in cities makes one feel more at home especially in the 21st century. The large and dense cities in the current century can be highly productive and even be made greener than ever and make them appreciated in the future (Stokes, 2015: 13-17). However the massive rural-urban migration by citizens presents major challenges to the governments of cities. Along with the positives that come along with densely populated areas there also comes the negative side of the situation such as the traffic congestions, access to public resources, crimes and the management of waste. With the demand for quality and better services being the most immediate issue its the tax revenues that often come later to fund such projects. With increased levels of globalization the world has become more connected now more than ever before in terms of capital and resources. All these challenges has led to a different approaches in the lines of design, planning, finance, th e control and management of infrastructure, governance and services which can be defined as smart cities. These approaches have been linked with the modern Information and technology. Discussion The need to develop smart cities all over the world has led to the formation of professional communities who work collaboratively to understand and learn architecture, engineering, utilities, planning, environmental sciences, communication, information technology and the public policies and finances ( Zbornik, 2015:42-44). One of the major hypotheses that the team focus on is the theory of how cities can make use of information of what is happening in the city. The other thing that the team is seeking to understand is the impact of information technology on the society moral norms and behaviors. The new smart cities as they are theorized will give a better understanding of the urban system at the micro level. The definition of what a smart city is depends on the purpose of the city and it varies from one city to the other. Depending on how the concept is visualized the definition differs according to the level of development that the city will bring and the citizens willingness to change into the new smart cities and how they plan to live in the new cities ( Zbornik, 2015:44). There have to be guidelines that make the definition of what a smart city is across the different cities and countries. First the cities should guarantee quality life to the residents and have clean and sustainable environments through using smart solutions. The city should be able to offer assured basic amenities such as water and electricity resources and have efficient mobility and general public transport. The city should have a sophisticated Information technology infrastructure that will cater for the high tech needs of the city and ensure security to all the citizens. Singapore is a leading city in mobility technology given that the country is an Island with a 5 million population. The country has been able to control its traffic congestion using an innovative road system to detect traffic congestions and ease up the congestions the smart way. Smart cities are aimed at making the citizens feel free and have fun an instance is the shadowing project in Bristol, Britain in 2014 where infrared light with sensors was added to the street lighting. The sensors detect the pedestrians walking below and record their shadows and later it the street lamps project the shadows for other pedestrians who are walking by making it more fun. Another instance is the face recognition cameras in public buses to detect who has a bus permit on who doesnt. Smart means something that can be able to operate automatic without being controlled much. Governments all over the world are working hard to make their countries to be in the frontline in the new digital era this involves coming up with innovative ideas and policies that will make their citizens proud. The smart cities movement is one of the initiatives that governments across the world are using as a standard that define quality life style to its citizens. The fact that smart cities will solve most of the challenges facing the urban cities of such countries they are still facing the challenge of initiating these projects because they cannot get into terms on what a smart city is to them. The use of the computing technology will be of great help so to speak but its the economic side that is more appealing to the governments of these cities that they forget the other side of the technology (CELINO and KOTOULAS S, 2013: 34-35). With the current world being interconnected through the i nternet then it will become easier for the governments and other partners to decide on what a smart city is. With the internet it is easy to have real time data and make real time decisions. With a connection it means that a city will be able to form one big community under one technological roof. The smart cities will not only bring the positive things that people would want to have but also there is the negative side to it. According to the social theory of smart city Researches point out that the intelligence in the smart cities will be an area that needs to be addressed more clearly. With the usage of surveillance cameras it makes it easy to have the facial recognition features. In the current world smartphones for instance can be traced using GPS (Zipf, 2009: 23). Depending on the person who is handling information it will be difficult to monitor if the information is used in a beneficial or harmful way. Having in place data privacy rules will help the smart cities solve the issue. The society should be able to address the issue on privacy and offer the way forward on how privacy should be maintained. Creativity is one of the major drivers of the smart city movement especially in the 21st century. Education and learning will be an important part of the people living in the smart cities. With the learning culture a new group will emerge referred as the creative class (winter, 2010:9). With the new class it will be easy to team up and build a new city concept. A social infrastructure will be built that will reflect the peoples way of life and their relation in this cities. The smart cities will generally be a mix of cultures, education and learning to bring a new hybrid society. With the new society there will be new social, cultural and economic enterprises. A smart city will bring the opportunities to exploit the human potential and thus be able to lead creative lives. According to winters (2010:22) the smart cities will be made up of smart people that are the educated and skilled work force. The citizens in these cities will be able to advance their communities through offering their skills at work place. The levels of smartness will differ from one city to another where some will be considered as being smarter than the others. With this community work force there will come economic developments that will improve the quality of life of the citizens greatly. Therefore a smart city is made up of a smart community, knowledge city, the human factors, technological factors and the institutional factors. All these have to work together to make a city smart. The phrase smart city was adopted more in 2005 by several leading technology companies such as Cisco, IBM and Siemens. The technology companies developed interest in the issue in areas of its application such as the integration of information system in the urban cities infrastructure, buildings and designs and the public safety. With time the basic understanding has been revised to refer to any innovation that is technology based in the areas of city planning and development and operations within the city such as the electric vehicles initiative that requires plugins stations all over the city (Portland, 2011:7). The term smart city has been defined by many according to their way of understanding in relation to the society that they live. The Indian government website defines the smart cities as cities which are intelligent in physical, economic, social and institutional infrastructures (Harrison, 2014:8). The cities are expected to ensure that the citizens get their livelihood and are able to live joyful lives there more of utopia. The Indian definition of what a smart city refers is closely related to its demographic environment where about 31% of the population lives in urban cities and the population is projected to increase to 65% in the next ten years (USC, 2011:42). To cater for the projected demand India has put the target of setting up 100 smart cities to meet the expected challenges of urban population. Indian government is fully supportive of the initiative and has committed more than $1 billion dollars to the project which will be built from scratch. The smart city movement was launched to address the challenges that urban cities face and there are several benefits associated with it. With smart cities there is the reduced resource consumption such as energy and water which in turn reduces carbon emissions (NYC 2007:14). The system utilizes the existing infrastructures and makes improvements to provide quality life for the citizens (Stockholm 2006:75). The system will avail new services that have not existed before. The commercial enterprises will be improved through real time transmission of data on the cities services (Singapore 2011). The city can have real time data of the demand for services in the city and thus be able to manage the available resources. A city can be able to manage disasters in a more prepared way. The smart cities will greatly improve the quality of life of its citizens. With companies such as IBM who began project such as the smarter Planet initiative (IBM 2008) the response from the public on its initial stages was very positive. Its the economic development that cities around the world will get that makes the idea to be highly accepted. Cities all over the world are in constant competition to offer superior quality lifestyle to their citizens. The challenges of creating this lifestyle lie in the developers on how they can create a smart city and make it attractive now and for the future generation to come (Moraru and Mladenic, 2012:24). The smart city will be able to understand the current generation as described by Florida (2008:25). A smart city should be able to interact with the public and offer quality services through interacting with them in the digital platform rather than through the traditional offices associated with long queues. The cities should be able to appe al to the creative class as referred by Florida (2008:27). With the current technology and fresh innovative minds the smart city project is becoming a reality. There is very high competition in cities such as New York, Paris and Singapore. Cities such as Dubuque have propelled themselves through the theme of smart city movement and have gotten world recognition. Dubuque is listed among the livable cities in America (Dubuque, 2008:17-21). With such a complex setting and advanced technology the smart cities are most likely to change the social norms and behaviors of the citizens (KHATOUN and ZEADALLY, 2016: 46-47). In order to change the current cities into complex and integrated social cities there will have to be a clear understanding of the current society settings such as morals and behavior and determining how the new cities will affect behavior and conduct. With the advanced technology the cities will need to observe the citizens more deeply and in real time so as to note the patterns of change in the society. The technology can allow the city to have control of the misconducts in the society (Cleantechblog and Ling, 2013: 32). This sounds very good to the society security but looking at the other side the system will be capturing even the unintended data which may cause serious negative results. Information that is captured through the citys intelligent cameras need to be smartly handled so that it doesnt fall i nto wrong hands which can cause privacy infringement cases. The understanding of how the smart cities will work is important in accepting the idea of how the cities are more or less attractive to its citizens. First we have to understand the current urban city system in order to be able to accept the new cities. The information that flows through the network needs to be handled and addressed in a smart way to ensure that it is more benefit to the city citizens (Caragliu, Kourti and Nijkamp, 2015: 111). For instance one leaving water tap running can be the reason why the city is spending more money in water. The macro and micro levels in the cities need to be addressed first before decisions are made on adopting the smart cities theory. To discuss the issue collaborative urban systems have been formed to try and define what a smart city may be or will have to be in respect to the societys way of life. With these discussions agreements can be reached on how personal information will be handled in the urban system and also make research on how the urban system will work based on the general societys way of thinking or perception. Through having members from different levels in the society to make views it will be possible to have these smart cities built for the common good of the society though a multi-disciplinary organization that will give an understanding of the urban system way of thinking. Conclusion With the increased globalization levels it will mean that many people will want to live in state of the art Smart Cities by the end of the 21st century. The definition of what a smart city is depends on the cities critical needs now and in the future. Thus we have the opportunity to shape the future coming generation through making viable decisions that will make the urban system unique. That can be possible if we are able to first understand our current society and be able to accept the future in a more positive way. With the current rise in cities all over the world especially for the emerging economies the time is now to come up with theories of the smart cities which will act as foundations in order to achieve the demanding goals in both the current and new cities to come. The issue on smart cities needs to be looked from an all-round perspective and not only on the information technology and engineering perspective. Different professions need to work together collaboratively to make the smart cities theory true. References Caragliu, A, Kourtit, K and Nijkalmp, P. (2015). Smart Cities. News trans. Cleantechblog, and Ling, F. (2013). Smart Cities. Cleantech Blog. 2013-11. Celino I., and Kotoulas S. (2013). Smart cities. IEEE Internet Computing. 17, 8-11. Dubuque, (2008), US Conference of Mayors Announce 2008 City Livability Award Winners, https://www.usmayors.org/pressreleases/uploads/cityliveng.pdf [22 Oct 2016] Florida, R. (2008), Whos Your City?, Basic Books, New York Harrison, C. (2014). A Theory of Smart Cities. Natural England. IBM, (2008), A Smarter Planet: The Next Leadership Agenda, Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/technology-and-foreign-policy/smarter-planet-next-leadership- agenda-video/p17696 [22 Oct 2016] IBM, (2009), Smarter Cities: New York 2009, https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/article/newyork2009.html Jacobs Khatoun, R. and Zeadally, S. (2016). Smart cities. Communications of the ACM. 59, 46-57. Moraru, A., and Mladenic, D. (2012). Complex event processing and data mining for smart cities. Zbornik (2015)Smart City conferences- IS 2012, 8.-12. October 2012, Ljubljana, Slovenia. A, 185-188. NYC, (2009), NYC rolling out new technology projects, https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20091001/FREE/910019988[22 Oct 2016] NYC, (2011), PlaNYC, https://nytelecom.vo.llnwd.net/o15/agencies/planyc2030/pdf/planyc_2011_planyc_ full_report.pdf[22 Oct 2016] Portland, (2011), Electric vehicle infrastructure drives Portland's economy and environment, https://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2011/05/electric_vehicle_infrastruct ur.html[22 Oct 2016] Rantakakko, M. (2012). Smart City as an innovation engine: case Oulu. Elektrotehnis?ki Vestnik. 248-254. Singapore, (2010), Singapore Government Info-communications Development Authority, https://www.ida.gov.sg/home/index.aspx Singapore, (2011), Singapore LiveTraffic, https://www.livetraffic.sg/mobileapp[22 Oct 2016] Simmons, S. (2016). Smart cities. Part III: smart data management Part III: smart data management. Parking Today. Stokes, P. (2015). "Smart cities" - dynamic sustainability issues and challenges for "old world" economies: a case from the United Kingdom. Dynamic Relationships Management Journal. 4, pp. 3-22. USC (Urban Systems Collaborative), (2011), urbansystemssymposium.org USC (2014). 2012 International workshop on learning within and from smart cities. Zipf, G. K., (2009), Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA

The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation

Abstract The practices of human resource management have a direct impact on the psychological contract between the employees and their employer. Whenever the management makes promises to the employees when they are hired or during the normal management processes, the promise will develop a psychological contract that binds the employer and the employee.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the management keeps the promise, the contract shall have been honoured, and the two parties would have a positive working environment. When the management fails to honour the promise, the relationship between the employer and the employee may be strained, and this could lead to serious negative consequences. Introduction Employees form a very important part of an organisation, and their commitment would always determine the ability of a firm to achieve its objectives. According to Guest, Isaksson and Witte (2010), the ability of an organization to achieve success is always based on its capacity to motivate its employees. For this reason, it is important to ensure that they remain motivated in order to remain productive in their respective tasks. Their motivation is always defined by the kind of working environment they are subjected to by their employer, especially the junior managers who directly supervise their work. This environment will define the relationship between the employees and the employees. Psychological contract plays a pivotal role in defining the relationship and the attitude of the employee towards the employer and the task. When one signs a contract to become an employee of a given organisation, there are always some expectations developed out of spoken or unspoken communication between the employee and the employer. The spoken expectations can be in the form of direct promises made by the employer to the employee on such issues as increase in salary, promotions, or improved working environment. The unspoken expectations may come in the form of the impression that the manager or the organisation itself gives to the employee. For instance, BP is one of the largest firms that pay its employees handsomely. When an employee is hired by such an organisation, he or she will expect high pay. In this research, the focus will be to determine how psychological contracts are affected by human resource management’s practices in an organisation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hypothesis Statement Research hypothesis is always necessary as it guides the process of collecting data. In this study, the researcher developed a hypothesis statement below based on the preliminary information obtained in this field. H1. Human resource management’s practices h ave direct impact on the psychological contract within an organisation. As shown in the hypothesis statement above, the researcher believes that there is a close connection between the practices of the management unit, and the psychological contract. As Petersitzke (2009) observes, the management unit is always represented within an organisation by the managers. To employees, what the managers do will be viewed as an action of the firm because they are the agents. The perception of the employees towards the managers can, therefore, be regarded as the view these employees have towards the firm. This preposition will be determined by reviewing literatures on this topic. Definition of Psychological Contract in Organisation The concept of psychological contract has attracted attention of many scholars who try to find its true definition and relevance in a workplace setting. According to Guest and Conway (79), psychological contract are the beliefs and expectations that an employee devel ops when hired in a given firm, and expects them to be fulfilled within the period he or she will be working in the organisation. George (2009) defines psychological contract as â€Å"The mutual beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer and an employee.† It is important to note that in this definition, there is an emphasis on the mutual agreement between the employer and the employee. In this regard, a contract can only exist when the two parties have a mutual agreement over an issue. This may be out of verbal discussion or expectations of the employees and the employer. The verbal agreement may take place when the employee and the employer verbally agree to achieve a specific goal and give specific benefits over a specified period of time. Such agreements would not be documented, but each party will have the information that they are expected to deliver on their promises.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of HRM Pract ices on Psychological Contract in Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second form of psychological contract takes place between the employer and employee non-verbally. This means that both parties will be expecting the other to deliver on a specific promise without verbally talking over the issue. For example, when HSBC Bank hires a certified accountant, the human resource manager will be expecting the accountant to understand principles of accounting that is in practice within the United Arab Emirates. Although they may not talk about this, the employer will believe that the employee will be able to undertake this task without problems. On the other hand, the employee will be expecting that his or her promotion and salary increment will be based on the output he or she delivers. The unspoken expectation of the two parties will form a basis of psychological contract and at the beginning of the relationship both will expe ct the other party to meet the demands. When either of the party fails to meet either verbal or non-verbal agreement, then this will constitute a disagreement or a breach of the contract. Importance of Psychological Contract in Organisation According to Conway and Briner (2005), many managers have ignored the relevance of psychological contract to the success of an organisation. It would be interesting to determine why such global firms as Apple Inc have remained very successful in a market where other giant firms like Motorola failed. These are firms operating in the same market environment and affected by similar policies set by the government. The answer to this secret could be lying with the manner in which managers view the relevance of psychological contract within the organisation. Wellin (2007) says that psychological contract could be more important than the written contract when it comes to motivating employees and making them achieve what they are expected of within a spe cified period. According to McGregor’s Theory Y, employees are always optimistic individual who can work with minimal or no supervision at all, but still achieve the best results. McGregor’s Theory X on the other hand holds that employees are always cunning and would make every effort to dodge their work whenever they have the opportunity. For this reason, they need strict and very close supervision.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These two theories hold that employees would always become what an employer want them to become. A human being is an independent creature by nature, and trying to subject it to strict regulations or policies would only be a counter-productive process. The psychological contract, unlike the written contract, would always define the manner in which the employer the the employee would view each other. It has stronger impact than written contract because the two parties may withstand each other when in cases where written contract is violated as long as the psychological contract is respected. Psychological contract defines the way an employee would relate with the employer. As mentioned, the employee and the employer would have a mutual agreement that each party must fulfil within a given duration. When an employee fails to deliver the results that were expected by the employer as specified in the psychological contract, he or she will be considered to have breached the contract. In su ch cases, there are consequences that the employee must be ready to bear. The employer may decide to retain the employee in the current position but deny him or her much anticipated promotion. The employer may decide to demote the employee as a clear warning that any breach of the psychological contract may lead to other serious consequences. In some instances, the employer may decide to dismiss the employee on basis of incompetence. These are some of the consequences that an employee must be ready to deal with in case he or she fails to honour the psychological contract. On the other hand, the employee may also decide to take some measures in case the employer fails to honour the contract. One of the most common reactions would be a reduced productivity of the employees who will be spending much of their time relaxing and wondering why the employer has breached the contract. In some cases, the employee may decide to take the case with the employee. This would involve confronting th e manager and complaining about unmet expectation. The employer may also consider the issue of unionisation as a way of making their views be respected by the management. In such cases, the body will have a higher bargaining power than when they have to address the issues on their own as individuals. When the employee is convinced that the employer is not willing to honour their psychological contracts, they may despair, and those that are ambitious will consider leaving the firm to other firms where their views would be respected. Psychological contract within an organisation is very important. It helps in maintaining a positive relationship between the employer and the employees. It helps in retaining a pool of self-motivated employees. It helps in eliminating high employee-turnover rate within a firm. It also helps in creating trust and mutual respect between the employer and the employee. These factors are vital in creating a positive working environment that would yield positiv e output for the firm. Causes of Psychological Contract in Organisation It would be important to understand some of the common causes of psychological contract in an organisation. One of the leading causes of this psychological contract is the verbal agreement that is made between the employer and the employee. This is very common during the interview or soon after one has been confirmed as an employee of the firm. An employee may promise the employer that he or she has some special skills that can be of help to the firm. The employer may also promise the employee some benefits over a given period as a way of motivating them. These promises would constitute a psychological contract. Sometimes the psychological contract may be developed non-verbally out of our perception. The employee would look at the structures within an organisation, the nature of the business they are engaged in, and the profitability of their organisation and make their own independent judgement about what they should earn. The employer may also look at the academic credentials of the employee and the past experience and develop a perception of what their output should be within the organisation. This develops into a belief, and then it becomes a psychological contract. The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation The practices of the human resource management have a significant impact on psychological contract in an organisation. It would be necessary to define how the concept of psychological contract was developed. When Argyris was introducing the concept of psychological contract in 1960, he noted that there was a strange behaviour among the employees at a construction site that was based on the type of the foreman they were given (Kiazad, 2010). When these employees were assigned strict foreman who would follow their activities closely and direct them on what to do at every stage, their output was reduced considerably. On the other hand, when they were assigne d a foreman who looked more tolerant and highly approachable, their output drastically improved. Argyris was interested in understanding this paradoxical situation. It would be expected that with the strict foreman, the output will be greater than when they had a weak supervisor. He therefore, joined the group of employees in order to understand the trick. He realised that when the strict supervisor was on duty, employees never concentrated on their work. All their concentration was on the supervisor, monitoring his move, and putting a great show when he was approaching just to make him believe that they were doing a lot. When the supervisor left, they would relax taking a position that would make a person standing from a distance believe that they are very busy in their work. This means that they were pretending in their work, a fact that negatively affected their output. When the employees assigned a more relaxed supervisor, the pretext was gone, and they would behave as normally as possible. They would take a short rest when they felt a little tired, but would always try to be serious when addressing their duties. It was also observed that they had respect for the tolerant supervisor than the strict foreman. For this reason, they were always willing to work harder in order to please the supervisor that they believe is considerate to them. This research clearly indicated that the management has a big role in defining the attitude of the employees, and the approach they take when assigned different tasks. This experiment clearly shows that there is a close relationship between actions of the management unit and the psychological contract. According Durai (2010), employer always makes some promises that they know are unrealistic. They hide under a very misleading belief that their employees would forget those promises after some time. However, the truth is that the employees would never forget these promises. They form a basis of a contract that must be respec ted by the management as promised. When the promise is not fulfilled, then there would be a breach in the psychological contract. Such breaches bring tension and mistrust between the employees and the employer. The management has the capacity to regulate these psychological contracts. It can be done by minimizing the promises made as much as possible. Whenever a promise is made, the management should make an effort and fulfil it. HR practices which affects psychological contract in organisation As discussed above, there are specific human resource practices that may affect psychological contract in an organisation such as recruitment, compensation, and employee-management practices. During recruitment, each of the parties may make promises to each other that may constitute a psychological contract. During the process of managing the employees, the management may make some promises in order to influence their performance. Compensation or rewards is one of the ways of fulfilling a psy chological contract that the management has made to the employee. An Interview with HR manager at HSBC Bank In order to gather first-hand data on this issue, the researcher organised an interview with a middle manager at HSBC. The following were the responses obtained. Researcher: Do you understand the concept of psychological contract between an employer and an employee? The Manager: Yes, I do. Researcher: Do you think it is practically taking place at your place of work? The Manager: It is. At HSBC, we are always under pressure to give higher output. As part of management, I always make promises to reward those who excel in their work. Researcher: Do you always keep these promises? The Manager: We always try to, but in some cases we may fail. Researcher: What are the reactions of the employees when you fail to honour the promise? The Manager: They always protest and some become very demoralised. For this reason, we always avoid failure. Researcher: Do you believe that HRM practice s affect psychological contract in an organisation? The Manager: Yes. In fact, I think that it plays the pivotal role in defining psychological contract within an organisation. Human Resource Planning Process Human resource planning is one of the most important tasks of the management that can be used to regulate psychological contract within an organisation. The figure below shows specific stages of the planning that should be closely observed by the human resource during the planning process. Source: (Armstrong, 2007, p. 76) At the first stage, the management must understand the current position of the workforce in terms of their capacity and compensatory needs. With this information, it should define the future of the workforce in terms of what they should be able to achieve and how the firm will compensate them. When this is achieved, the human resource should develop strategic means of reaching the desired destination. This should be done in a realistic manner based on the cur rent and expected financial strengths of the firm. Conclusion Psychological contract is a mutual perception and responsibility between the employee and the employer that defines their relationship. Unlike a written contract, psychological contract is always written in the minds of two parties and a breach may not resolve through a litigation process. However, it is important to note that its impact on the overall performance of the employees and trust between the employer and employee is greater than that of a written contract. The practices of the human resource management have a central role in defining this contact. The promises that the management make creates the contract and their ability to fulfil these promises would define its relationship with the employees. References Armstrong, M. (2007). A handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Conway, N., Briner, R. B. (2005). Understanding psychological contracts at work: A critical evaluation of theory a nd research. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Durai, P. (2010). Human resource management. Chennai: Pearson. George, C. (2009). The psychological contract: Managing and developing professional groups. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill Open University Press. Guest, D. E., Isaksson, K., Witte, H. (2010). Employment contracts, psychological contracts, and worker well-being: An international study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Guest, D., Conway, N., Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2004). Employee well-being and the psychological contract: A report for the CIPD. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Kiazad, K. (2010). Responses to psychological contract breach: Moderating effects of organisational-embeddedness. New York: Cengage. Petersitzke, M. L. (2009). Supervisor psychological contract management: Developing an integrated perspective on managing employee perceptions of obligations. Wiesbaden: Gabler. Wellin, M. (2007). Managing the psychological con tract: Using the personal deal to increase business performance. Aldershot: Gower. This report on The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation was written and submitted by user Zeke Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on A Sociological Perspective On Everyday Use

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines sociology as a systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings. The most important structures that tie together these groups are economics, politics, and social status. The sociological evaluation of Everyday Use by Alice Walker enlightens on issues that continue to plague American families in the present. Walker’s own cultural surroundings reflect on this work, which is obvious by revealing economic, political, and social means within the story. In Everyday Use economic problems are abound in how Walker forms her characters. This story illustrates the economic ways that Walker’s African American family is seeking fame and higher forms of living. The story opens as the narrator, Mama, and her youngest daughter, Maggie, await a visit from Dee, the oldest daughter, and a man who may be Dee’s husband. Dee, who was always scornful of her family’s way of life, has gone to college and now seems almost as distant as a film star; her mother imagines being reunited with her on a television show (Walker, 89; par. 4). Maggie, who seems to be intellectually impaired, bears severe burn scars from a house fire many years before. Both Mama and Maggie are intimidated by Dee and her ‘superior’ attitude. Dee is obviously ashamed of her poor upbringing, as she stated, â€Å"†¦from the way you [Maggie] and Mama still live†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Walker, 94; par. 81) that Maggie did not understand there were more ad vantageous opportunities available, as if Maggie could not be content in her own way of life. This is the largest socio-economic validation within the story. Dee is the epitome of the economic hierarchy within the tale, as she is clearly seeking to come to terms with returning to the old house where Mama is very poor. Dee represents the higher culture and her poor family origins cause great internal conflicts for her. Walker describes... Free Essays on A Sociological Perspective On Everyday Use Free Essays on A Sociological Perspective On Everyday Use Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines sociology as a systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings. The most important structures that tie together these groups are economics, politics, and social status. The sociological evaluation of Everyday Use by Alice Walker enlightens on issues that continue to plague American families in the present. Walker’s own cultural surroundings reflect on this work, which is obvious by revealing economic, political, and social means within the story. In Everyday Use economic problems are abound in how Walker forms her characters. This story illustrates the economic ways that Walker’s African American family is seeking fame and higher forms of living. The story opens as the narrator, Mama, and her youngest daughter, Maggie, await a visit from Dee, the oldest daughter, and a man who may be Dee’s husband. Dee, who was always scornful of her family’s way of life, has gone to college and now seems almost as distant as a film star; her mother imagines being reunited with her on a television show (Walker, 89; par. 4). Maggie, who seems to be intellectually impaired, bears severe burn scars from a house fire many years before. Both Mama and Maggie are intimidated by Dee and her ‘superior’ attitude. Dee is obviously ashamed of her poor upbringing, as she stated, â€Å"†¦from the way you [Maggie] and Mama still live†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Walker, 94; par. 81) that Maggie did not understand there were more a dvantageous opportunities available, as if Maggie could not be content in her own way of life. This is the largest socio-economic validation within the story. Dee is the epitome of the economic hierarchy within the tale, as she is clearly seeking to come to terms with returning to the old house where Mama is very poor. Dee represents the higher culture and her poor family origins cause great internal conflicts for her. Walker describes...

9 Ways of Saying Down in Spanish

9 Ways of Saying Down in Spanish Down is one of those simple, everyday words that can be especially challenging to translate to Spanish. One reason is that it can function as five parts of speech: most commonly an adverb, but also as a preposition, verb, noun and adjective. But even within those categories, theres no consistent way of translating the word. In many cases, the best approach to take in translation is to reword the English and then translate that. For example, if you try translating a sentence such as Im down to only one dollar word-for-word, youll find yourself confused at best. Instead, try using the verb quedar, often used to indicate a remaining quantity. The idea is expressed with Me queda sà ³lo un dà ³lar, which literally means Only one dollar remains for me. Down as the Opposite of Up That said, in many contexts - such as when down means the opposite of up and indicates motion or direction - it is possible to use the adverb abajo, either by itself or in combination with other words, or the related verb bajar, which typically means to go down. This includes most cases where down is functioning as an adverb. Some examples: When I look down I feel dizzy. Cuando miro para abajo me mareo.The accident left him paralyzed from the neck down. El accidente lo dejà ³ paralizado desde el cuello para abajo.The Bilbao Market has gone down 22.72 points at midsession. La Bolsa de Bilbao ha bajado 22,72 puntos a media sesià ³n.Its essential that the roots grow downward in order to maximize the absorption of water. Es esencial que las raà ­ces crezcan hacia abajo para que maximizar su absorcià ³n de agua.Gravitational force pulls the satellite downward. La fuerza gravitatoria tira del satà ©lite hacia abajo.We have to get down from the train at the border. Tenemos que bajar del tren en la frontera.Everyone from the governor down is immersed in a web of corruption. Todos desde el gobernador para ajabo estn inmersos in una aurealoa de corrupcià ³n.Another possibility for adventurers is to camp down in the canyon. Otra posibilidad para los aventureros es acampar abajo en el caà ±Ãƒ ³n.The temperature went down fro m 30 degrees to 20 degrees. La temperatura se bajà ³ de 30 grados hasta 20 grados. I prefer to sleep face down. Prefiero dormir boca abajo. Down as an Adjective When down functions as a adjective in English, it often has a specialized meaning that depends on the context. Youll usually be best off recasting the English before translating: The wireless network is down today. La red inalmbrica no funciona hoy. (Literally, the wireless network isnt working today.)She knew he was down with the flu because she called him twice. Sabà ­a que à ©l estaba enfermo de influenza porque ella le llamà ³ dos veces. (Down here is being used as roughly synonymous with sick.)Were down 10 points. Estamos perdiendo por diez puntos. (Literally, were losing by 10 points.)Its a shame that he is always down on himself. Es lstima que à ©l se menosprecie a sà ­ mismo. (The phrase to be down on someone is a colloquial way of indicating that someone devalues someone.)They have me down for 2 p.m. Tengo una cita para 2 de la tarde. (Literally, I have an appointment for 2 p.m.)The down payment normally is a percentage of the price of the house. El pago inicial normalmente es un porcentaje del precio de la casa. Down as a Particle Down is a part of many English phrasal verbs - verbs that are made up of a verb followed by down to form a phrase that has a meaning separate from the verb by itself. To translate, these two-word verbs must be learned separately just as any other vocabulary. Here are a few of many possible examples: My mother isnt going to back down so easily. Mi madre no va a recular tan fcil.The bar was shut down for not meeting safety requirements. El bar fue clausurado por no cumplir las medidas de seguridad.He bowed down before the statue. Se inclinà ³ ante la estatua.The Iowa woman burned down a friends house because she defriended her on Facebook. La mujer de Iowa incendià ³ la casa de una amiga porque la eliminà ³ del Facebook.The government is cracking down on illegal arms sales. El gobierno toma medidas enà ©rgicas contra la venta ilegal de armas.My cousin is unable to  hold down a job. Mi prima no puede durar en un trabajo. (Literally, my cousin is unable to last in a job.)The mayor played down the murders. El alcalde no le dio tanta importancia a los asesinatos. (Literally, the mayor did not give much importance to the murders.) Down as a Noun The down of a bird is typically referred to as el plumà ³n, although a down pillow is referred to as una almohada de plumas. The down of a fruit is known as la pelusa. In football, a down is usually un down. Down as a Verb As a verb, down usually refers to shooting something down from the sky. A good verb to use is derribar. The Soviets downed the plane with a simple attack.  Los sovià ©ticos  derribaron el avià ³n  con un simple ataque.   Down Syndrome The congenital condition is known as el sà ­ndrome de Down, sometimes abbreviated as SD. (Sources: Sample sentences are adapted from a variety of sources written by native Spanish speakers. Among those consulted for this lesson are 20minutos; Twitter conversations; Biologà ­a y Geologà ­, Ciencias pra el uno Contemporneo; Visià ³n Santigueà ±a; Tatoeba; Namancambre Tours; Finanzas Prcticas; Yahoo.mx and TN.com.ar.)

Strategic Workforce Measures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Workforce Measures - Essay Example Differentiating workforce strategy refers to the company’s management investing disproportionally in a few or a group of employees depending on their strategic contribution to the company’s outcome. For instance Memorata is a shoe company that deals with manufacturing and distributing ladies footwear. In order for this company to be successful, the human resource professionals should identify the employees that place the company at a competitive advantage (Beatty, Becker, & Huselid, 2005). They should identify the team that produces the best shoes that are favored in the market. The human resource professionals should then guide the managers into investing more in this employees so as to be at an advantaged position over their competitors (Becker, Huselid , & Beatty, 2009). Differentiating the workforce has been found to be crucial as it helps to identify the best employees that will drive the company towards achieving their set strategic goals. This entails allocating more resources on these employees for the good of the company (Beatty, Becker, & Huselid, 2005). Memorata deals with both flat and heeled shoe wear. However based on the sales reports, flat shoes are preferred to their counterpart in the market. This is because they are cheaper and are affordable. More resources should therefore be geared towards this line of production as it puts them at a better position to compete favorably with the other companies dealing with ladies shoes. The Human resource professionals at Memorata should not forget to invest in the supporting employees. For instance it is not only the sales persons that are making the sale of flat shoes successful. Those behind the production of those shoes are contributing to its success as well. Therefore the HR professionals should put in mind that the supporting elements of those individuals who are considered crucial should not be left out (Becker, Huselid , & Beatty, 2009).

Business Model Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Model Part 3 - Essay Example It makes use of decision centre, decision frame, horizon, period, and so on which is described below for an EBE of ResearchArchive. GRAI grid helps to achieve good control and management of activities. The GRAI grid is a two dimensional structure containing horizontal functional blocks with decision centers. â€Å"A decision centre is an organization unit which is the locus of a decision making process.† (Vernadat, F, 1996, p.296) A decision center represents an entity that gives decisions which can be persons or automated machines or computer programs as well. The flow of decision marks the dependencies between various activities. Diagrammatically it is represented by a double arrow. The information flow is the amount of data that is exchanged, referred or shared by different functional units amongst themselves for efficient functioning. For example, the recruitment process will need the information from various units; about costing plans, about vacancies, roles that need responsibility, etc. In that case the flow of information is marked accordingly to show linkages between units. This information flow is diagrammatically represented by single arrow. Different levels in the grid signify occurrence of activities at that level. Precisely, grid makes it simpler to understand the frequency of repetition of certain activities over other activities with respect to priorities and duration of execution. The nature of task is also of prime importance while locating the task in grid. The company functions by first making available and organizing the e-material that is to be traded. Hence it needs to locate sources for its own benefit. Next important step is to acquire and manage human as well as non human resources to carry out company tasks. Managing funds, cash inflow and out flow is crucial for company growth and its survival in competitive market. It

Stakeholder theory as an organisational management theory supports good corporate governance Essay Example for Free

Stakeholder theory as an organisational management theory supports good corporate governance Essay ‘Stakeholder Theory’ as an organisational management concept supports good Corporate Governance models. Discuss whether stakeholder theory assists in determining good corporate governance models for a company. The recent increase in awareness surrounding Corporate Governance partly arose from what was considered to be some of the ‘darkest days in business’ during the early 2000’s when numerous multi national corporations unexpectedly collapsed. People the world over were greatly effected by these events, which brought into question the role of good business practice in today’s society. Freeman’s (1984) seminal work â€Å"Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach† describes ‘Stakeholder Theory’ as a structure that supports effective Corporate Governance by way of protecting and looking after not just its shareholders, but all stakeholders that have a vested interest in the company. Central to the discipline of Corporate Governance is the ethical behaviour of corporations (Crane, 2004), ‘Stakeholder Theory’ is the most influential and popular theory to emerge thus far that addresses the role of ethics in business (Stark, 1994). This essay builds on the idea that ethics, business, sustainability, responsibility and the environment are no longer separate (Freeman et al., 2010) in today’s global business world. Critics of Stakeholder theory claim that the shareholder’s ability to gain maximum profits are compromised, however recent research has shown that by creating value in a responsible manner whilst taking all constituents into account actually leads to a more profitable company, whilst encouraging long term outcomes (Donaldson, 1995). Critics also claim that stakeholder’s interests are so varied its impossible to give equal fairness to all. Whilst it is impossible to make every stakeholder’s interest equal, three key areas are assessed to determine the attributes and relevence of each stakeholder within the company’s ethical codes; power, legitimacy and urgency (Wickham, 2009). The term ‘Stakeholder Theory’ whilst in use from the 1960’s was further developed by Edward Freeman in the 1980’s and has vastly grown in popularity in recent years. Stakeholders may include but are not limited to employees,  creditors, consumers, suppliers, whilst also incorporating the extrinsic interest of Governments, competitors, the community, environment and society at large (Buchholtz, 2012). Refer to figure 1. Fig 1. A firm and its stakeholders (Polonsky Michael, 1995). The Australian Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Council guidelines (Australian, 2007) identify’s eight key priciples relating to the rules, relationships, systems and processes within and by which authority is exercised and controlled in corporations. By applying the eight principles to monitor and assess risk, optimise performance, create value and provide accountability. ‘Stakeholder Theory’ addresses these principles by concentrating on the moral responsibilities of business organisations in terms of the scope of fiduciary obligations towards their stakeholders. Researchers from Bologna’s University set out to determine whether stakeholder management actions could bring strength to internal legitimacy, thereby creating better working conditions that lead to improved company competitiveness, developed by company employees (Longo, 2008). They began by conducting two surveys on the employees of a leading Italian agricultural company who had been implementing ‘Stakeholder Theory’ for many years and had received numerous awards in recognition for their processes. They were asked a multitude of questions surrounding their roles in the workplace, their feelings toward their colleagues, employers and their work environment in detail. The researchers were then able to define quantitative measures of the system of resources to determine the role of stakeholder policies in the development of the intangible resources (Longo, 2008). Those intangible resources being, â€Å"the capacity to motivate employees† (Donaldson, 1995), â€Å"the capacity to attract and keep professional and qualified personnel in the work market† (Turban, 1997), â€Å"the ability to develop internal and external company relationships† (Post, 2002). The results indicated that the companys social policies had a significant influence particularly when it came to trust, job satisfaction, networking and communication, ability to work in a group and low turnover propensity† (Longo, 2008). Since 1983 Herman Miller the furniture manufacturing company has incorporated an employee as stakeholder program, employees carefully monitor and know how their  roles contribute to the profitability. Employees review the numbers, particularly their EVA performances, an indication of their contributions to the long-term value of the company. â€Å"We are part of the company, we think and act for what’s best for the company, and we share in the fortunes of the business, like owners. We also work hard to understand our opportunities for long-term profitability and growth† (Miller, 2010). Effective corporate governance structures encourage companies to create value, through entrepreneurialism, innovation, development and exploration, and provide accountability and control systems commensurate with the risks involved (Australian, 2007). According to a study conducted by the University of Northern Iowa, effective stakeholder management results in transparent financial reporting (Mattingly, 2009). By ensuring that decision making processes are transparent and the organisation is accountable to all its stakeholders, the effect on financial performance is a direct result of stakeholders having an active role in organisation governance. Additionally, organisations that exhibit stronger commitments to both institutional and technical stakeholders are more conservative in their accounting practices, a direct function of responsive corporate governance (Mattingly, 2009). As part of UPS’s 2011 Sustainability Report, Chairman and CEO Scott Davis spoke of the company’s financial reporting, â€Å"We are disclosing more information than ever before†¦ this process spotlights which issues are at the nexus of UPS’s own business issues with those of external stakeholders, which helps guide us in the future toward creating more sustainable, longer lasting relationships (UPS, 2011). Businesses are contributing to society more than ever before, how they contribute and make decisions raises significant ethical issues, ‘business ethics’ can be said to begin where the law ends (Crane, 2004). Additionally, companies are having to look toward creating not only sustainable organistations but environmentally sound and socially responsible establishments (Wolfe, 2007). The controversial economist Milton Friedman once said, â€Å"the only social responsibility of business is to maximise profits† (Friedman, 1962) . This way of thinking is inline with traditional ‘Agency Theory’, where the manager’s only obligation is to shareholders  (Crane, 2004). However, there is inconsistency with this argument, from a legal perspective and an economic perspective. Firstly, it is simply naà ¯ve to say that the only group who has a legitimate interest in the corporation is the shareholder. There are a multitude of groups that hold a legitimate ‘stake’ in the corporation through legal binding contracts that stipulate certain rights and claims on the corporation (Crane, 2004). For example there is legislation in place that protects workers’ rights in relation to pay and conditions, therefore from an ethical point of view the corporation has an obligation to their employees (Freeman, 2008). Secondly, there are external ramifications when a corporation ceases to consider the broader implications of it stakeholders, for example if a corporation closes down one of its factories in a small community and lays off the employees, the effect on the community is widespread, from the local business owner who loses customers, public services being cut, in turn the whole community is effected (Freeman, 2008). Recognising that the stakeholders interests have intrinsic value (normative approach), it makes not only ethical sense, but economical sense that the company takes responsibility to meet the stakeholders needs (Argandona, 2007). At Fuji Xerox responsibility and responsiveness to stakeholders is a key driver to ensure long term to sustainability. Managing Director at Fuji Xerox Nick Kugenthiran says â€Å"We manage our sustainability performance across seven areas of accountability; Business profitability Longevity, Corporate Governance compliance, Satisfying Customers, Providing a responsible solution, engaging employees, influencing sustainability outcomes and minimizing environmental impact† (Fuji.Xerox, 2011). A transparent disclosure to their stakeholders is evident in their sustainability reporting, and ethics and integrity are key corporate values. Their strong commitment to corporate citizenship demands exemplary legal compliance at a minimum. â€Å"We are working to integrate sustainability more explicitly into our governance and planning frameworks, and see an opportunity to improve our approach to risk management† (Fuji.Xerox, 2011). More and more businesses are recognising and working toward a model that incorporates corporate social responsibilities, which encourages a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees,  communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Refer to figure 2 Fig 2. Carroll’s four-part model of corporate social responsibility (Crane, 2004). The critics of ‘Stakeholder Theory’ argue correctly that you cannot give all stakeholders equal interest in the business, however the process of ‘Stakeholder Analysis’ is applied as a means of systematically gathering and analyzing qualitative information to determine whose interests should be taken into account. When developing and/or implementing a policy or program, the qualities being assessed are Power, Legitimacy and Urgency, these qualities help distinguish and assign priority to the appropriate stakeholders for any given project (Winkler, 2009). Refer to Figure 3. This method best recommends how management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. In other words, it attempts to address the principle of â€Å"Who or What Really Counts† (Freeman, 1984). Figure 3. Salience Stakeholder Model (Hseih, 2009). In Conclusion ‘Stakeholder Theory’ assists in shaping good Corporate Governance by addressing the ethics of managing an organisation. The companies corporate strategies consider the interests of their stakeholders, groups and indivduals who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of the organisation’s purpose (Freeman, 1984). Furthermore, businesses are now under more pressure to become sustainable, transparent, ethical, environmentally responsible organisations and the most effective orgainsational management approach is ‘Stakeholder Theory’. By utilising the ‘Stakeholder Analysis’ process, organisations are able to determine which stakeholders interest are a priority. Like many theory’s, Stakeholder theory is not without its flaws, additional research needs to be conducted along with further criticism in order for the theory to evolve and advance the way organisations carry out Business. By creating an holistic framework for which company’s govern and protect not only its shareholders, but the wider constituents of the organisation, namely the stakeholders (Mallin, 2004),  business and society are now forever intrinsically connected, and with ‘Stakeholder Theory’ continuing to take a larger role, businesses will be better off, ultimately society too. REFERENCES: ARGANDONA, A., AYUSO S. 2007. Responsible Corporate Governance: Towards a Stakeholder Board of Directors. Post Doctural Research Fellow. Professor of Economics, University of Navarra. AUSTRALIAN, S., EXCHANGE (ASX) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COUNCIL. 2007. Coporate Governance Principles and Recommendations [Online]. Available: http://www.asxgroup.com.au/media/PDFs/cg_principles_recommendations_with_2010_amendments.pdf. BUCHHOLTZ, A., K. AND CARROLL, A, B. 2012. Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Ethics, Sustainability and Stakeholder Management, Australia, Cengage Learning. CRANE, A., MATTEN, D. 2004. Business Ethics, United States, Oxford University Press. DONALDSON, T., LEE, E. PRESTON 1995. The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications The Academy of Management Review, 20, 65-91. FREEMAN, E., R; HARRIS, J. 2008. The Impossibility of the Seperation Thesis. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18, 541-548. FREEMAN, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Pitman Boston. FREEMAN, R. E., HARRISON, J. S., WICKS, A. C., PARMAR, B. L. DE COLLE, S. 2010. Stakeholder Theory : The State of the Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. FRIEDMAN, M. 1962. Capitalism and freedom, p.x1 FUJI.XEROX. 2011. Sustainability Report [Online]. Available: http://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2011/index.php. HSEIH, M. 2009. Human centric knowledge seeking strategies; stakeholder perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13, 115-133. LONGO, M., MURA, M. 2008. Stakeholder management and human resources: development and implementation of a performance measurement system. Corporate Governance, 8, 191-213. MALLIN, C., A. 2004. Corporate Governance, United States, Oxford University Press. MATTINGLY, J., E., HARRAST, S., OLSEN, L. 2009. Governance implications of the effects of stakeholder management on financial reporting. Corporate Governance, 9, 271-282. MILLER, H. 2010. Herman Miller: A better world  report [Online]. POLONSKY MICHAEL, J. 1995. A stakeholder theory approach to designing marketing strategy. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 10, pp29-46. POST, J. E., PRESTON, L.E., SACHS, S. 2002. Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and Organisation al Wealth. STARK, A. 1994. Whats the matter with business ethics? Harvard Business Review, pg 38-48. TURBAN, D. B., GREENING, D.W. 1997. Corporate social performance and organisational attrativeness to prospective employees. The Academy of Management Journal, 40, 658-72. UPS. 2011. Logistics at the Core: Corporate Sustainability Report 2011 [Online]. Atlanta Georgia. Available: http://www.responsibility.ups.com/community/Static Files/sustainability/2011_UPS_CSR_Report.pdf. WICKHAM, M., WONG, T. 2009. Stakeholder Management Capability: Exploring the Strategic Management of Dissenting Stakeholder Groups. University of Tasmania. WINKLER, I. 2009. Stakeholder Salienc in Corporate Codes of Ethics [Online]. Available: http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol14_no1_pages_4-13.pdf [Accessed 1 14]. WOLFE, B., D., SHETH N, J., SISODIA, S R. 2007. Firms of Edearment: How world class companies profit from passion and purspose.

Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious about the way you looked? These are questions that we may ask ourselves everyday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexic’s conscience and ruin the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental illness because it has many life- threatening effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anorexia is not a choice to be made. It is brought on by many pressures to be thin and it clouds one’s ability to see herself/himself as she/he really is, which is usually dangerously thin. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder. Sufferers starve themselves and have extreme weight loss. When starving themselves, anorexics may suffer from terrible hunger pains, but feel rewarded when they can make it through a certain time period, usually a day, then work up to two days and so on. Anorexics are terrified of gaining weight. Food and weight become obsessions. Many of these obsessions may show up in strange eating rituals, such as moving food around their plate and preparing a huge dinner and then refusing to eat any of it. An anorexic’s diet will include restricting her/his total calorie intake to fewer than one thousand calories a day. Many anorexics avoid fattening, high calorie foods and also eliminate meats. Their diet mainly consists of almost completely low-calorie vegetables, such as lettuce and carrots, or popco...

Primary School Art Teaching Mission Statement

Mission Statement My main aims with teaching art to primary grades can be broken down to the following points: ) Experimentation (teaching them to overcome any fear of unfamiliar materials) b) Imagination (teaching them that the mind has no limits, allowing them to dream) c) Individualism (teaching them to think ‘ outside the box’ ) d) Freedom of expression (teaching them to not be afraid to show feelings and to do it in their own personal style) e) Problem solving (teaching them that there are no mistakes in art; that any error can be fixed if you go about it cleverly) f) Self-esteem (teaching them to be proud of their work and to never insult the work of others) g) Sharing (teaching them to share materials and ideas with the rest of the class) h) Recycling (teaching them to use, re-use and recycle objects one would normally throw away) i) Patience (teaching them that no good work of art can be rushed and that one has to follow a process and see it through to the end) j ) Respect (teaching them to have respect for the teacher, their classmates, materials and the opinions of others) My aim is to try and create a disciplined space for the children to work in.Art is often a subject that requires the teacher to allow the children a certain amount of fun and freedom, however, fun turns into chaos if it has no ordered structure and discipline. I try and allow the children to follow their own instincts, so the result becomes secondary to individual expression. I do not believe in â€Å"paint by numbers†, nor do I force the children to follow a formula. There are formal elements like colour, composition etc. that is imperative, but sometimes the formal elements have to be sacrificed to allow the child to freely create. The process is often more important than the end product. Through art, children learn a lot about themselves. Their inner discovery is more important than a â€Å"good† work of art.

Comparisons of Economic Terms Essay

Look at health care from an economical view point and learn how economics has a major effect on the management of health care in our society. I chose the first two words on the list, resources and quality, along with opportunity cost, to discuss in this paper. In the discussion the terms will be defined and the relationship that the terms share in the view of market economics and the health economics will be analyzed. The question will be asked, â€Å"How are these three terms related and the effects they share on the health care community. Also what affects do they play in health care’s organizations economical view point?† The market economics and the health economics definition of the terms shed a different perspective on the economics of the health care industry. The two views influence the health care industry in order to be successful and maintain the ability to serve the public. There must be a sound understanding of economics, because health care is based on finances and services; and how well the finances and services are to be managed. These terms are similar in marketing and health care but they also differ in meanings based on the situation. Economics study how people make choices for using resources and the health care organizations use the same principle. The success of health care depends on effective management of the resources. The economic resources affect the usage of medical care and its services. Terms viewed from a market and health stand point and from an economics stand, compared to health care are resources, opportunity cost, and quality. Definition of Economic Terms Resource: a supply of something that someone has and can use when it is needed (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Opportunity Cost: the added cost of using resources that is the difference between the actual value  resulting from such use and that of an alternative (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Quality: a characteristic or feature that someone or something has a high level of value or excellence (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com, 2014). Market Economic Term: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Resource is defined by Merriam Webster dictionary as, a natural source of wealth or revenue, computable wealth. In economics resource is a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Health economics term: Resource Opportunity cost and Quality Health Care Economic Terms: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality As health care terms they are defined as such: Opportunity cost is, the economic definition of cost, also known as opportunity cost, is the value of opportunity forgone, strictly the best opportunity forgone, as a result of engaging resources in an activity. Note that there can be a cost without the exchange of money. Also the economists’ notion of cost extends beyond the cost falling on the health service alone; it includes costs falling on other services and on patients themselves. Resource is defined as, the basic inputs to production – the time and abilities of individuals, natural resources such as land and capital. Quality is a generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, as, physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life(â€Å"Glossary Of Frequently Encountered Terms In Health Economics†, 2003). Market Economic Terms: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Quality is the choicest care or the excellence of something. Recourse the tools and manpower to achieve a task and opportunity cost is the final value placed on the product or service. Cost and quality have a great influence in the health care industry. The quality of health care has increased in the last thirty years; along with cost at an even faster rate (Gretzen, 2007). Market Economics Compared to Health Economics The difference in the terms of market economics & health care economics is as follows. Market economics is trade â€Å"the making of a buck.† A place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for a product and/or services (Gretzen, 2007). Health care economics is the purchasing of health care services, the doctor is the seller and the patients are the buyers. In other situations  the pharmaceutical companies, medical equipment producers and so on are the sellers and the clients/patients are the buyers. Gretzen states these transactions are based on the terms of the trade, (Gretzen, 2007). In market economics the resources that are used can influence the quality of product, produced and depicts the cost that will be attached to the product for the buyer to be required to pay for the product. In health care economics resources, quality and cost do work as separate entities, as well as one entity. The resources of health care economics depicts what the health community can produce as a whole. Will research technology, health plans, etc., be available? Will health care be affordable and available to all that need it? And will the quality be able to meet the standards the federal government and the medical communities have set when providing health care and services? These are the questions to be looked at by the marketing and economics teams in the health care community. So they can answer yes to all the questions that are on the minds of many. Conclusion When reviewing the economic terms from both side of the coin, market economics and health care economics, resource, quality and opportunity cost are key to the level that health care can be marketed to the community. Health care can be produced and delivered well, at the same time. It can, at the same time, be an affordable value and a high quality product also. Despite Gretzen’s view of health care’s high cost reflecting the public’s willingness to pay for health care when â€Å"confronted with the possibility of death; we will pay for just about anything to get our health back.† (Gretzen, 2007) mentality. References (2014). Retrieved from Merriam Webster: www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quality Gretzen, T. (2007). Healthcare Economics and Financing (3rd. Ed.). Health Definitions/Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms in Health Economics. (2003). Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine: www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/edu/healthecon/glossary.html#Cost

Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Essays

Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Essays Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Paper Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Paper The glass slide is slowly lowered down on the epidermal layer using the needle; . The onion cells are examined through the microscope; 4. The structure of the onion cells is drawn as observed under the microscope. Results Observations: In the hypotonic solution the water will move from the solution to the onion cells which will become bigger. PART 2 1. The distilled water is removed using the filter paper; 2. A drop of 5% of sucrose solution is placed at a side of the cover slip and the solution across the epidermal layer is drawn by placing filter paper on the other side of the cover slip; 3. The onion cells are examined once again through microscope. The structure of the onion cells is drawn as observed under the microscope. In the isotonic solution, there is no difference in the similarity, no change in the cells sizes. PART 3 1. Repeat step (1 -3 of PART 2) using 30% of sucrose solution.

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition At long last†¦ How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, 13th  Edition is on sale!! Since March of this year, LinkedIn seems to be making changes to its platform on a daily basis. I have been diligently editing my book as the changes roll in, and I finally feel comfortable enough, now that the major features seem to have settled, that I am â€Å"pulling the trigger† and publishing the 13th  Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. As I went through the process of creating this edition, I realized that there’s probably a different format that will be more easily kept current. I’ve decided this will be the FINAL version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile in its current form! So if you want a comprehensive, up-to-date LinkedIn resource for 2018, now’s the time to get it – for just $9.97! If you do choose to pick up a copy of my book, note that only the e-book has been updated. It is the ONLY book I know of on the market with all the latest images from the current LinkedIn platform. If you get the print version, there will be parts that are out of date, but you can subscribe at no extra cost to get the book in PDF format. that way you can refer to the PDF for anything you need. What’s in the Book? Here’s just a taste of what’s in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Revised images and instructions throughout to match LinkedIns new redesign Update on which features have really disappeared and which have moved Mobile-specific instructions Special advice from a past recruiter How to create an All-Star profile The new face of LinkedIn Jobs And more! Get KILLER LinkedIn Tips All in One Place Over the past six months, I have published multiple articles about the new LinkedIn. You could certainly take the time to read them all individually. Be warned, however, that some of the material in these articles is already outdated – and they do not cover everything that’s in the new edition of my book. Here’s where you can go to get a sense of just a few of the updates you’ll find in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Everything You Need to Know About the New LinkedIn Recommendations Section How to Find a Job Using LinkedIn How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Headline The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part II From the Mouth of LinkedIn: 6 Things You Need to Know The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part I But why go to six different places when you could get everything in one total package? Remember, this is the last year that How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile will exist in its current format. If you purchase the PDF, I’ll continue to provide you with updates until January 2019 if relevant changes occur on LinkedIn. After that, I’m scheming up something new! Also, starting a month from now, the PDF version of my book will NOT be available for sale for three months on my website. So now is the time to get the best, most up-to-date handbook that exists on writing a KILLER LinkedIn profile. I’m open to ideas for what to create next. If there’s anything you’d like to see for my next resource about LinkedIn, please share!

The cask of amintiliado and good son movie Essay

The cask of amintiliado and good son movie - Essay Example The movie is about a twelve year old boy, Mark, who promises his mother suffering from cancer that she will not die. Mark is consumed by guilt and grief after his mother’s death because he is not able to keep his promise of keeping her alive. After the death, Mark is dropped off by his father at his uncle’s house while he proceeds to Tokyo for a two week business trip.Initially, Mark practices withdrawal from the rest of the family members but he gets accustomed to his aunt and cousins. He mostly becomes friends with his cousin Henry, whom they spend so much time together. Nevertheless, Mark starts to observe a number of Henry’s views of fun significantly differ from his own. Henry’s parents refuse to listen to Mark when he informs them of their child’s dangerous behavior (Ruben 1). Montresor and Henry are actually identically evil characters and through their example, evil exists. In my view, both Montresor and Henry are identical characters. I also believe evil exists in both Montresor and Henry. One characteristic that Montresor exhibits is that of vengeance. Montresor makes a decision to play therole of the whole justice system as executioner, jury, and judge. At no single point is Montresor considerate of the consequences of his actions because he is certain that his actions are defensible. It may be argued that Montresor is a threatening character. He is an individual you would not want to have an encounter with in any setting. He is portrayed as a ruthless and cold murderer. He both finds pleasure in killing and sees it as necessary. In fact, as he is building the stone tomb of Fortunato, Montresor says, â€Å"I placed my hand upon the solid fabric of the catacombs, and felt satisfied† (Poe). The fact that he is satisfied actually means that he feels no guilt at all about the murder. Moreover, according to Montresor, when Fortunato finally tells him, â€Å"Will not they be awaiting us at the palazzo,

Financing and Real Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financing and Real Investment - Essay Example The Ryan family of UK started the business with 1 15-seater Bandeirante aircraft and 25 staffs. Within the span of less than 30 years, it has become the best low cost line service provider in entire European market. It is operating in the European market with 8,896 staffs, 272 Boeing 737-800 serving more than 73,553,580 passengers annually. It has achieved tremendous growth in terms of finance, passengers and market share. Its no-frill strategy for low cost has made it to achieve cost leadership in their entire Europe (RyanAir, â€Å"History of RyanAir†). Competitive Position of RyanAir With rapid growth of passengers and market share, it is become the leader of low cost airline industry. Its effective no-frill strategy for low cost leadership has brought a revolution in the market. It has been able to achieve the upper hand position in the market by offering lowest prices, by serving the largest coverage and by achieving the highest traffic growth. The following figure presen ts a comparison of low cost competitors in the European market. ... Financing and Real Investment Activities in RyanAir With the increasing market share and increasing volume of operational business, RyanAir requires a significant amount of aircraft and other assets including plant, property and equipment. As per the reported consolidated balance sheet of 2011, RyanAir has increased its net value of plant, equipment and property by â‚ ¬619.5 million. The consolidated cash flow of RyanAir has presented the â‚ ¬897.2 million outflow of cash in 2011 comparing to â‚ ¬997.8 millions in 2010. However, 2011, RyanAir has made lower investment comparing to the previous years but, management has decided to invest in the real assets with increasing market share (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). The financial activities of RyanAir also show a positive indication. The management has disclosed that within the last three years, RyanAir has returned â‚ ¬850 million to its shareholders but still its financial position is quite. In 2011, the net cash flow from financing activities has reduced in 2011 as it has repaid the long term borrowings of â‚ ¬280.7 million and also pain dividend to shareholders of â‚ ¬500.0 million. This is good indication for the shareholders as in spite of paying â‚ ¬500.0 million of dividends its retained earnings stood at â‚ ¬1,967.6 million. Besides, the company has also made investments in financial assets and derivatives in the previous years and in 2011, it holds the Derivative financial instruments of â‚ ¬23.9 million and Available for sale financial assets of â‚ ¬114.0 million (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). A5 Introduction In order to assess the financial condition of any organisation, the financial analysis techniques are quite necessary important. However, for the financial analysis techniques, certain skills are required which is

Ethical Dilemma- Analysis of the News Term Paper

Ethical Dilemma- Analysis of the News - Term Paper Example As discussed above, the primary ethical decision maker or EDM is Apple Inc., and the ethical dilemma concerns the plight of the workers in the subcontracting firms who manufacture Apple products such as the iPhone, Worker welfare is weighed against the benefits to the American and global consumer of the computing products themselves, and the value of Apple’s economic activity to the American and global economy. The dilemma springs from issues relating to worker welfare, including low wages, the repetitive nature of the work, long work hours, and low wages. The confluence of these and other factors drive workers to take their own lives. In Cooper (2013) we get a sense of the gravity of the condition from the presence of nets around the iPhone manufacturing facilities to prevent more workers from jumping to their deaths. This is in stark contrast to the large profits that Apple makes and the large market capitalization of the firm due to that. Because Apple is rewarded for profi ts and for great products, Apple has every incentive to keep costs down, and that drive to depress costs lead to subcontractors depressing wages and other worker-related costs on the other end. These are conflicting interests that are stacked against workers and their interests, especially considering that workers have little by way of leverage in the entire process. The supply of workers is large, relative to demand, and so Apple subcontractors are able to dictate wages and living conditions in the shops. Subcontractors in turn are pressured to depress wages in order to make margins out of low contract bids. In a most general sense, the entire market is involved, because market forces that have contributed to this state of affairs where workers are awarded the least wages possible to squeeze maximum profits from their efforts (Johnson, 2011). B. Possible Alternative Courses of Action In a perfect world Apple will settle for lower profit margins for their products and lower profits all in all in exchange for fairer wages for workers and higher costs for producing their products. Ideally, this translates to subcontractors being able to pay their workers higher wages, and secure better working conditions for them all in all, by being able to bid for the manufacturing work at higher overall bid prices. This translates to the

Managerial Finance Closing Essay Example for Free

Managerial Finance Closing Essay The company announces that it is not expanding, what do you think will happen to the price of the bonds? What will happen to the price of the bonds if the company does expand? I believe if the company announces that it is not expanding then the prices of the bonds would not change, however if the company decides to expand then the prices of the bonds would increase due to the increase in the value of the company and the return would be greater. 5. If the company opts not to expand, what are the implications for the companies future borrowing needs? What are the implications if the company does expand? If the company decides not to expand, I do not believe that the implication for the companies future borrowing needs would differ too much from if they decided to expand. However one variation is if the company decides to expand they will receive more equity as shown above by the calculations. If the company has an increase of equity, they have the opportunity for an increase of borrowing, if they needed. However, if the company opts not to expand, they can still borrow in the future, however, their equity will remain the same, which would give them less variation in regards to borrowing. 6. Because of the bond covenant, the expansion would have to be financed with equity. How would it affect your answer if the expansion were financed with cash on hand instead of new equity? From my perspective, I do not see an issue with the expansion being financed with equity rather than â€Å"cash on hand†. I believe it would be an easier wait to keep track of the finances. I thought the primary reason some companies use equity to finance new projects is because they do not have the â€Å"cash on hand† to begin with, and although they have equity, it would be far too much trouble to convert it over to cash. So, they would rather use equity to finance.